黑洞本身以引力著称，但在其周围发生的物理过程却能把物质和能量“加速”到接近光速。
落入黑洞的物质在吸积盘中因摩擦释放大量能量，高温等离子体与盘内复杂磁场作用，能够通过两种主要途径把能量转化为定向喷流：一是通过磁场从旋转黑洞提取能量（Blandford–Znajek机制），二是利用吸积盘内角动量和摩擦产生的能量推动喷流。
另一种重要理论是Penrose过程，粒子在黑洞极区分裂，一部分带走能量，另一部分被吸入。
观测上，像M87中心黑洞和活动星系核的强烈射电与X射线喷流，证明了这些加速过程能产生相对论性粒子流，并可能是高能宇宙线和伽玛暴前身。
黑洞加速不仅是高能天体物理的核心问题，也影响星系演化与能量反馈，是连接广义相对论、等离子体物理与观测天文学的交叉领域。
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