质子加速器是一类利用电磁场把质子（氢核）加速到高能量的装置，其工作原理是通过高频电场对粒子做功并借助磁场引导与聚焦粒子束。
常见类型包括直线加速器（LINAC）、回旋加速器、同步加速器与同步回旋器，临床质子治疗通常采用同步加速器或直线加速器配合摆动光束室与旋转加速梁臂。
质子加速器的能量范围从几十MeV到数百GeV不等；临床需要约230MeV以穿透成人体深部肿瘤。
应用领域涵盖粒子物理研究、同位素生产、材料辐照与表征以及癌症的质子放疗（因能量沉积局部化、对正常组织损伤小而被重视）。
当前技术热点包括超导腔与高频结构以提高能效和加速梯度、紧凑化与模块化设计以降低成本、小型化或激光驱动质子源的探索，以及高精度束流调控（如铅笔束扫描）与在线成像系统。
主要挑战为设备投资与运行成本高、束流稳定性与高功率靶管理、以及严格的辐射防护要求。
随着工程技术与物理研究进展，质子加速器在科研与临床应用方面的前景持续看好。
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